Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review of the Etiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches to a Complex Dermatological Disease of Cutaneous Depigmentation

Abstract

Vitiligo, an enigmatic and complex skin disease, is notable for the appearance of depigmented patches that arise due to the selective and progressive loss of melanocytes, the cells responsible for melanin production. This autoimmune pathology affects individuals of both genders and has been the subject of historical interest due to its unusual clinical presentation and its impact on patients' quality of life. The etiology of vitiligo is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, environmental and autoimmune factors leading to melanocyte destruction. Although diagnosis is usually based on visual examination of the skin lesions, additional tests may be required to rule out other conditions with similar features. Although a definitive cure has not yet been found, a variety of therapeutic approaches, including topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic therapy and surgical options, are available to attempt to repigment affected areas and improve patients' quality of life. Continued research and a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo are essential to address this disease more effectively and provide more successful therapeutic solutions.