Abstract
Background: The egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG) has proven to be a useful biomarker, used to identify organisms exposed to estrogenic compounds. Methods: We investigated variations in the VTG gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroid hormones concentrations in the yellowfin Seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, (A. latus) by various doses of bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure for 7 and 14 days. We developed a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the expression of VTG gene in A. latus. The dose-response pattern of VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to various doses of BPA was characterized. In order to design RT-PCR primers specific to A. latus VTG, a partial sequence of the VTG gene was obtained. Results: The RT-PCR assay was effective in detecting increased VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to BPA. It also demonstrated that the VTG expression was affected by BPA in a dose and time-dependent manner. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were decreased in the treated fish in comparison with those found in the control group, when they were exposed to 100 µg/g of BPA and 2 µg/g of E2. In contrast, the plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results suggest that VTG mRNA quantification can provide a sensitive and early signal in the detection of estrogens in marine wildlife. It also indicated that BPA could lead to an imbalance of sex steroid hormones with potentially harmful consequences on sexually immature male A. latus.
Highlights
In recent years, it has become apparent that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become a growing threat to human and wildlife health
The partial cDNA of the A. latus VTG gene was characterized from the PCR product amplified, using primers based on sequences retrieved from a gene bank (Accession No LC269106.1)
This method is effective in detecting changes in the VTG gene expression due to exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and E2
Summary
It has become apparent that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become a growing threat to human and wildlife health. EDCs are exogenous compounds that have the potential to mimick or block the regulation of endogenous hormones, causing adverse effects on the health of sea animals including fish. Among EDCs, Bisphenol A (BPA) has received particular attention because of its large-scale production and environmental widespread applications. Iranian petrochemical plants that make BPA and the products are located on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Due to lack of highefficiency sewage treatment plants, large amounts of untreated sewage including EDCs are released into the Persian Gulf [4]. The egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG) has proven to be a useful biomarker, used to identify organisms exposed to estrogenic compounds
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