Abstract
The topic of “Vitamin K” is currently booming on the health products market. Vitamin K is known to be important for blood coagulation. Current research increasingly indicates that the antihaemorrhagic vitamin has a considerable benefit in the prevention and treatment of bone and vascular disease. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is more abundant in foods but less bioactive than the vitamin K2 menaquinones (especially MK-7, menaquinone-7). Vitamin K compounds undergo oxidation-reduction cycling within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, donating electrons to activate specific proteins via enzymatic gamma-carboxylation of glutamate groups before being enzymatically reduced. Along with coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X, and prothrombin), protein C and protein S, osteocalcin (OC), matrix Gla protein (MGP), periostin, Gas6, and other vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins support calcium homeostasis, inhibit vessel wall calcification, support endothelial integrity, facilitate bone mineralization, are involved in tissue renewal and cell growth control, and have numerous other effects. The following review describes the history of vitamin K, the physiological significance of the K vitamers, updates skeletal and cardiovascular benefits and important interactions with drugs.
Highlights
Vitamin K epoxide dione), which is contained in green plants and known as vitamin K1, and menaquinone, with side chains of varying length, which is formed from intestinal bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides) and is known as vitamin K2
Vitamin K is found in spectrum efficacy on haemostasis, calcium metabolism, control of some vegetable oils (e.g., soya oil: 193 mg/100 g, rapeseed oil: cell growth, apoptosis and signal transduction (Table 1).[14,15,16,17 127] mg/100 g) and in foods of animal origin.[19,20,21] cance and research into further vitamin K-dependent g-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) pro- Vitamin K2 consists of a group of menaquinones, which are teins, such as osteocalcin (BGP D bone Gla protein) and matrix characterized by the length of their isoprenoid side chain, a lipo
It was demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D enhances the activity of g-glutamyl carboxylase, suggesting that the carboxylation of osteocalcin is stimulated by vitamin D and that menaquinone-4 stimulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3induced mineralization by human osteoblasts.[33]
Summary
Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide is subsequently regenerated to vitamin K hydroquinone by the enzymes vitamin K epoxide and quinone reductase.[10,11,12] The g-carboxylation is characterized by a cyclical transformation, in which oxidised and reduced forms of vitamin K are involved as the driving factors The inhibition of these 2 enzymes by vitamin K antagonists, such as phenprocoumon and warfarin, has considerable medical significance, which is utilised in anticoagulation therapy.[13] Currently, approximately 14 vitamin K-dependent proteins are known, with broad.
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