Vitamin D status and vitamin D deficiency risk factors among pregnancy of Shanghai in China

Chun Yang,Wenguang Sun,Sheng Ge,Wu Jing

doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03889-0

Abstract

BackgroundThere is increasing awareness that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may be associated with several adverse effects for the mother and newborn. The risks for vitamin D deficiency are unclear. This study was to assess vitamin D nutritional status and vitamin D deficiency risk factors among pregnant women in Shanghai in China.MethodsThis study is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Sixth Affiliated People’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. A total of 953 healthy pregnant women participated, serological examinations and other variables included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total blood cholesterol (TCh), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, triglycerides at the first antenatal visit (12–14 weeks) pregnancy parity and age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, and completed OGTTs test. Associations between vitamin D deficiency and possible predictors (age group, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, and gestational hyperlipemia) were assessed with a multinomial logistic regression analysis. And also used to investigate the effects of 25(OH)D and the other variables on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.ResultsThe mean vitamin D level of pregnancy was 16 (a range from 11 to 21) ng/ml, and severe vitamin D deficiency was 31.8% (303); vitamin D deficiency was 40.7% (388); vitamin D insufficiency was 25.1% (239); normal vitamin D was 2.4%(23). Vitamin D deficiency risk factors were age over 30, parity over 2, overweight, obese, and hyperlipemia. The increasing level of vitamin D nutritional status in pregnancy is significantly related to reducing gestational diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus.ConclusionsIt is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Chinese pregnancy in Shanghai. Aging more than 30 years, the parity of more than 2, overweight and obesity, and hyperlipemia are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus. Public health strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency should focus on those risks to promote health pregnancy of Shanghai in China.

Highlights

There is increasing awareness that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may be associated with several adverse effects for the mother and newborn
Vitamin D insufficiency in pregnant women may be associated with several adverse effects for the mother and newborn [13], vitamin D insufficiency among mothers may lead to bone impairment and osteoporosis [14], low vitamin D levels are associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and postpartum depression [15] related to an increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, small for gestational age infants, and low birth weight infants [16]
The cutoff point of 280 mg/dL total blood cholesterol (TCh) for maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH) was established for the following reasons: (1) all assays performed in samples from women with ≥ 280 mg/dL TCh were found to exhibit significant differences from those from women with < 280 mg/dL TCh, (2) patients with a TCh level approaching this point are associated with fetal fatty streaks, and (3) this value is above the mean TCh level (~ 247 mg/dL, the range is from 184–315 mg/dL) considered normal in pregnancy of different groups [27]

Summary

Introduction

There is increasing awareness that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may be associated with several adverse effects for the mother and newborn. This study was to assess vitamin D nutritional status and vitamin D deficiency risk factors among pregnant women in Shanghai in China. Previous studies suggested that risk factors for vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, including vegetarians, women with limited sun exposure, those who live in cold climates, reside in northern latitudes, or wear sun and winter protective clothing, and ethnic minorities, especially those with darker skin [17,18,19]. Recent evidence suggests that pregnant women in Shanghai were generally deficient in vitamin D status [20, 21], from 90.5% to 98.4% of these women had serum 25(OH)D levels below 30 ng/mL and the causes of high vitamin D deficiency among high-risk groups in this region remain insufficiently known

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Conclusion