Abstract
Periodontal diseases are multiperspective problems resulting from numerous and diverse exposures that influence the process of initiation or progression of disease. The negative influence of tobacco smoking on oral health is well documented. The aim of the study was to analyze three SNPs in vitamin D receptor gene—rs7975232 (ApaI), rs2228570 (FokI) and rs1544410 (BsmI)—combined with oral health assessment—pH, gingival index, dry mouth, periodontitis, dry socket, redness of oral cavity mucosa, leukoplakia—in a group of cigarette smokers and in non-smokers. Moreover, the possibility of interactions between these polymorphisms and smoking was examined. When comparing the smokers and non-smokers groups, we noticed that rs1544410 heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in the first group, and for the second, both homozygotes were more frequent. Additionally, we observed the impact of interaction between the rs7975232 genotype and smoking status on gingival index. Current smoking was also associated with all analyzed oral health measures except for leucoplakia. Correlation between pH and age in both smokers and non-smokers was also present. Results of our analysis indicate that in our study group lifestyle and aging were leading factors associated with worse oral health status. However, the impact of genetic variants, and also the impact of their interaction with smoking on analyzed parameters was also visible. These results show great possibilities for all levels of prevention of oral diseases by means of education based on evidence-based medicine, but also for incorporating genetic testing and early interventions into this process for predisposed individuals.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases are multiperspective problems resulting from numerous and diverse exposures that influence the process of initiation or progression of disease
The observed VDR rs1544410 and rs2228570 polymorphisms frequencies differed from expectations based on the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in the non-smokers group, but they did not differ in the smokers (Table 1)
Our study concentrated on the analysis of the association between VDR polymorphisms and oral health status, in connection with the influence of smoking
Summary
Periodontal diseases are multiperspective problems resulting from numerous and diverse exposures that influence the process of initiation or progression of disease. Particular importance is attached to several groups of factors, among them inherited (e.g., genetic variants), acquired such as social, educational and economic factors, and the local environment (e.g., biofilm load or composition), other diseases (e.g., sub-optimally controlled diabetes) and lifestyle (e.g., smoking, consumption of sugars, carbohydrate intake) The influence of these factors can be observed in a different combination in different individuals, and what is more they can induce differently weighted effects. VDR (vitamin D receptor) is a nuclear receptor that binds to the active form of vitamin D It affects various biological processes connected with bone metabolism and modulation of immune response [1]. Vitamin D (1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) is a fat-soluble steroid hormone showing interaction with its nuclear receptor, vitamin D receptor, in the regulation of different biological processes, among them bone metabolism and immune response modulation.
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