Vitamin D Insufficiency as Risk Factor of Severe Pneumonia in Children

I Made Kardana I Made Kardana,I Gusti Ngurah Made Suwarba I Gusti Ngurah Made Suwarba,Komang Ayu Witarini Komang Ayu Witarini,I Gusti Agung Ngurah Sugitha Adnyana ,Ni Putu Siadi Purniti Ni Putu Siadi Purniti,Christin Natalia Kalembang Christin Natalia Kalembang,Ayu Setyorini Mestika Mayangsari Ayu Setyorini Mestika Mayangsari

doi:10.30574/gscarr.2021.9.2.0271

I Made Kardana I Made Kardana, I Gusti Ngurah Made Suwarba I Gusti Ngurah Made Suwarba + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.9.2.0271

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Journal: GSC Advanced Research and Reviews	Publication Date: Nov 30, 2021
License type: cc-by

Abstract

Severe pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality in children under five. Several risk factors of severe pneumonia have been established, one of them is vitamin D insufficiency. Risk factors for severe pneumonia can help clinicians to provide better quality of life. This research aimed to prove that vitamin D insufficiency is a risk factor for severe pneumonia in children. This analytical study with case-control design performed in children aged 2 months until 59 months old. Case consisted of 42 subjects who suffered severe pneumonia, while control consisted of 42 subjects who suffered pneumonia. Both groups fulfilled the eligibilities and matched proportionally based on age. The study was conducted from June 2019 to March 2021, level of 25(OH) D was checked in both groups. Data was analyzed by Chi-square test and logistic regression with significant level set at p<0, 05. Total eighty-four subjects with median age 11, 5 month were included in this study and most of them were male (59, 5%). The risk factors of severe pneumonia was vitamin D insufficiency with adjusted odds ratio 4.71 (CI95% 1.15-19.31, p=0.031) and exposure of cigarette smoke with adjusted odds ratio 5.19 (CI95% 1.76-15.31, p=0.003). There was no association of gender, mild malnutrition, non-exclusive breastfeeding and incomplete immunization in this study. Vitamin D insufficiency is a risk factor for severe pneumonia in children.

Highlights

Pneumonia is an infectious disease that is the main cause of death in children under five worldwide
Based on the data presented in table 4, the effect size displayed based on the B coefficient indicates that vitamin D insufficiency variable has significant value as risk factor for severe pneumonia in children
After adjustment using multivariate analysis, it was found that exposure to cigarette smoke affected the occurrence of severe pneumonia with adjusted odd ratio (OR) value 5.19 (95%confidence interval (CI) 1.76-15.31)

Summary

Introduction

Pneumonia is an infectious disease that is the main cause of death in children under five worldwide. The incidence of pneumonia diagnosed based on clinical symptoms occurs in developing countries around 150.7 million new cases per year and million or 7-13% occurs in as severe pneumonia that required hospitalization. Population-based research reported that the incidence of pneumonia among children less than five years old showed more than 95% occurs in developing countries [1]. The incidence of pneumonia increases yearly, according to data from Indonesian health profile 2016, the incidence of pneumonia based on recalled memory of having been diagnosed with pneumonia by health workers in previous month before the survey on infants in Indonesia from the last few years since 2014 ranging was 20-30%. In 2015 there was an increase, 63.45% of cases and in 2016 it increased into 65.27% [1]

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