Abstract
Introduction: Vitamin D is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol during a photochemical reaction, under the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, obtained from food. It is hydroxylated in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). It is an active metabolite, which maintains the balance of calcium and phosphorus concentration in the blood, in addition to helping bone remodeling. Vitamin D deficiency promotes rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults, with a risk of bone fracture. Vitamin D acts in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases via immunomodulation, increases mineral density and reduces bone resorption, which is important in combating agents that cause periodontal diseases. Objectives: Evaluate the importance of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Methods: A search was carried out in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases on scientifically proven evidence on the subject. Results: The present review demonstrated the importance of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis and the consequences of its deficiency on the oral health of patients. Conclusion: Vitamin D plays an important role in oral homeostasis and vitamin deficiency results in periodontal disease.
Highlights
Vitamin D is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol during a photochemical reaction, under the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, obtained from food
This review aimed to address the importance of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, since the increase in cases of periodontitis is of interest to the scientific community, especially among health professionals working in the area
Around 78 studies related to periodontitis and vitamin D were selected through the combination of indexes present in the MeSH Platform (Medical Subject Headings) – PubMed/Medline: Vitamin D, Calcitriol Receptors, Periodontal Diseases, Metabolic Bone Disease, Pathologic Bone Demineralization, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Summary
Vitamin D is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol during a photochemical reaction, under the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, obtained from food. Ultraviolet irradiation on skin exposed to sunlight induces the photochemical reaction of 7-dehydrocholesterol to produce vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). This is hydroxylated at position 25 by the liver enzymes D3-hydroxylase, sterol 27-. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is hydroxylated at position 1A by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) This reaction, carried out in the kidneys, is strictly regulated for the production of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. (1,25(OH)2D3), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol (Makishima et al, 2005; Jones G, 2008) Both vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), present in vegetables, and vitamin D3 undergo the same activation process, which involves 25-hydroxylase in the liver and, later, 1α-hydroxylase in the kidneys, being converted into active metabolites, 1, 25(OH)2D2 and 1.25(OH)2D3 (Jones, 2008; Cheng et al, 2003)
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