Vitamin D Deficiency Is Not Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy or Maculopathy.

Uazman Alam,Yasar Amjad,Omar Asghar,Rayaz A Malik,Ioannis N Petropoulos,Anges Wan Shan Chan

doi:10.1155/2016/6156217

Uazman Alam, Yasar Amjad + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6156217

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Abstract

Background. Experimental and clinical studies suggest a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and both diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy. Methods. We have performed a cross-sectional study in adults with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was evaluated using logistic regression analyses in the presence of demographic and clinical covariates. Results. 657 adults with diabetes were stratified based on retinopathy grading: No Diabetic Retinopathy (39%), Background Diabetic Retinopathy (37%), Preproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (21%), and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (3%), respectively. There were no differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) between the groups (15.3 ± 9.0 versus 16.4 ± 10.5 versus 15.9 ± 10.4 versus 15.7 ± 8.5 ng/mL, P = NS). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between the severity of retinopathy and serum 25(OH)D. Furthermore, there was no difference in serum 25(OH)D between those with (n = 94, 14%) and those without (n = 563, 86%) Diabetic Maculopathy (16.2 ± 10.0 versus 15.8 ± 9.8, P = NS) and no relationship was demonstrated by logistic regression analyses between the two variables. Conclusions. This study has found no association between serum 25(OH)D and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy.

Highlights

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) approaches 93 million people worldwide [1] and is one of the leading causes of premature visual loss in the UK and worldwide [2]
657 subjects were stratified according to their retinopathy status: No Diabetic Retinopathy (NDR) (n = 257, 39%), Background Diabetic Retinopathy (BDR) (n = 243, 37%), Preproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PPDR) (n = 135, 21%), and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) (n = 22, 3%); No Diabetic Maculopathy (n = 563, 86%) and Diabetic Maculopathy (n = 94, 14%). 206 (31%) of the patients had severe vitamin D deficiency with 25(OH)D levels below 10 ng/mL, 284 (43%) were deficient with 25(OH)D of 10–
Subjects were matched for age (59.8 ± 13.8 versus 58.8 ± 13.3 versus 60.8 ± 10.9 versus 55.1 ± 13.6 years); the duration of diabetes was significantly lower in NDR (11.3 ± 8.7 versus 18.7 ± 11.7 versus 21.0 ± 9.8 versus 19.7 ± 10.0 years, P < 0.0001)

Summary

Introduction

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) approaches 93 million people worldwide [1] and is one of the leading causes of premature visual loss in the UK and worldwide [2]. In a study of Caucasians with C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetes, there was a novel association between the functional FokI VDR polymorphism and severe DR [12]. Experimental and clinical studies suggest a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and both diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy. The relationship between the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was evaluated using logistic regression analyses in the presence of demographic and clinical covariates. There was no difference in serum 25(OH)D between those with (n = 94, 14%) and those without (n = 563, 86%) Diabetic Maculopathy (16.2 ± 10.0 versus 15.8 ± 9.8, P = NS) and no relationship was demonstrated by logistic regression analyses between the two variables. This study has found no association between serum 25(OH)D and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy.

Methods

Results

Conclusion