Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10–20 μg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1–9; 2008/09–2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D <25 nmol/L]. Theoretically, increasing vitamin D concentrations in biofortified pork by 50, 100, 150, and 200%, would increase vitamin population D intake by 4.9, 10.1, 15.0, and 19.8% respectively. When specifically considering the impact on gender and age, based on the last scenario, a greater relative change was observed in males (22.6%) vs. females (17.8%). The greatest relative change was observed amongst 11–18 year olds (25.2%). Vitamin D intakes have remained stable in the UK for almost a decade, confirming that strategies are urgently required to help the population achieve the RNI for vitamin D. Biofortification of pork meat provides a proof of concept, demonstrating that animal-based strategies may offer an important contribution to help to improve the vitamin D intakes of the UK population, particularly adolescents.
Highlights
Substantial evidence exists to suggest hypovitaminosis D is prevalent globally and, assuming minimal sunlight exposure, many fail to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10–20 μg/day) [1,2,3]
Considering the 200% increase scenario, a greater relative change was observed in males (22.6%) compared to females (17.8%) (Table 2), and older adults (65 years and over) had significantly greater vitamin D intakes compared to other age categories (3.28 ± 2.27 μg/day), this age group observed the smallest relative increase from the dietary modeling scenarios (14.3%) (Table 2)
There is no panacea for hypovitaminosis D; rather, an integrated strategy is urgently required to reduce prevalence rates
Summary
Substantial evidence exists to suggest hypovitaminosis D is prevalent globally and, assuming minimal sunlight exposure, many fail to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10–20 μg/day) [1,2,3]. A large proportion of the population have suboptimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (a reliable and robust blood marker of vitamin D status). The reason for suboptimal vitamin D status is multifactorial, owed predominantly to limited natural food sources, lack of mandatory fortification, poor implementation of supplement advice, especially amongst low socioeconomic groups, and insufficient dermal synthesis from ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposure [8, 9]. Additional sustainable food-based strategies are urgently warranted to enable populations to achieve adequate vitamin D intakes [10]
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