Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body having multifunctional activities. It has a dynamic cellular network with unique immunologic properties to maintain defensive actions, photoprotection, immune response, inflammation, tolerogenic capacity, wound healing, etc. The immune cells of the skin exhibit distinct properties. They can synthesize active vitamin D [1,24(OH)2D3] and express vitamin D receptors. Any difficulties in the cutaneous immune system cause skin diseases (psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, skin carcinoma, and others). Vitamin D is an essential factor, exhibits immunomodulatory effects by regulating dendritic cells’ maturation, lymphocytes’ functions, and cytokine production. More specifically, vitamin D acts as an immune balancing agent, inhibits the exaggeration of immunostimulation. This vitamin suppresses T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 cell formation decreases inflammatory cytokines release and promotes the maturation of regulatory T cells and interleukin 10 secretion. The deficiency of this vitamin promotes the occurrence of immunoreactive disorders. Administration of vitamin D or its analogs is the therapeutic choice for the treatment of several skin diseases.
Highlights
Vitamin D belongs to the fat-soluble group in the common classification of vitamins
The present review has focused on the immunomodulatory action of vitamin D with particular reference to cutaneous immunity and the impact of vitamin D on skin diseases
Vitamin D shows hormone-like activities through its intracellular nuclear receptor
Summary
Vitamin D belongs to the fat-soluble group in the common classification of vitamins. A healthy diet meets the daily requirements of vitamins. DCs, LCs, mast cells, B- and T-lymphocytes, and keratinocytes comprise the immune compartment of the skin [10, 41]. Keratinocytes can increase the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells responses by modulating the expression of Th1 (IL-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α) or Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) cytokines [48].
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