Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for approximately 150 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. In addition, it plays the role of antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Epidemiological and experimental studies indicated an evident inverse association between vitamin B6 levels and diabetes, as well as a clear protective effect of vitamin B6 on diabetic complications. Interestingly, by exploring the mechanisms that govern the relationship between this vitamin and diabetes, vitamin B6 can be considered both a cause and effect of diabetes. This review aims to report the main evidence concerning the role of vitamin B6 in diabetes and to examine the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. In addition, the relationship between vitamin B6, genome integrity, and diabetes is examined. The protective role of this vitamin against diabetes and cancer is discussed.
Highlights
Vitamin B6Vitamin B6 is a very important compound for general cellular metabolism [1]. The term vitamin
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for approximately 150 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters
Compelling evidence demonstrates that vitamin B6 and diabetes are strictly associated through multiple mechanisms and pathways
Summary
Vitamin B6 is a very important compound for general cellular metabolism [1]. The term vitamin. B6 refers to six common forms or vitamers, namely pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), and their related 50 -phosphate derivatives (PNP, PLP, and PMP). In the cytoplasm PL, PM, and PN are converted into the 50 -phosphorylated vitamers through pyridoxal kinase (PDXK), while the FMN-dependent pyridoxine 50 -phosphate oxidase (PNPO) converts PNP and PMP into PLP (Figure 1). PLP, PNP, and PMP are dephosphorylated by the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP), which is anchored to the cell membrane. PM, PN, and PL are absorbed from the upper small intestine by a carrier-mediated system and is delivered to the liver They are converted to PLP, thanks to the combined action of PDXK and PNPO. Vitamin recommended dietary allowance is 1.3 mg day-1 for adults; it is present in several
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