Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is a fundamental aspect of life and its dysregulation is associated with important diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Traditionally, glucose radioisotopes have been used to monitor glucose utilization in biological systems. Fluorescent-tagged glucose analogues were initially developed in the 1980s, but it is only in the past decade that their use as a glucose sensor has increased significantly. These analogues were developed for monitoring glucose uptake in blood cells, but their recent applications include tracking glucose uptake by tumor cells and imaging brain cell metabolism. This review outlines the development of fluorescent-tagged glucose analogues, describes their recent structural modifications and discusses their increasingly diverse biological applications.
Highlights
The development of novel fluorescent-tagged glucose bioprobes is a priority for biomedical research
Altered glucose metabolism is a fundamental aspect of cancer and diabetes [3,94]
Research publications that use fluorescent-tagged glucose bioprobes are increasing each year (Figure 11), which may be due to increasing awareness among scientists that fluorescent probes can offer substantial advantages, such as superior spatial resolution for imaging and avoidance of logistical problems associated with using radioactivity in the laboratory
Summary
Glucose (C6H12O6, known as D-glucose, dextrose, or grape sugar) is a monosaccharide and a pivotal carbohydrate in biology [1,2]. Glucose flux is tightly linked to neuronal responses and, brain activity This has been a major reason for developing fluorescent-tagged glucose bioprobes to monitor rapid changes in glucose flux in brain tissue [5]. Contemporary research in this area has focused on defining the astrocyte-neuron metabolic relationships governing brain homeostasis and memory formation [6,7]. This would allow the evaluation of cell viability, which could be readily analyzed by coupling with an image analyzing system [36] At this time there was no method to measure both glucose transport and its effect on different intracellular functions in single, viable mammalian cells or tissues.
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