Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique to assess sodium distribution within the kidney. Here we undertook pre-clinical and clinical studies to quantify the corticomedullary sodium gradient in healthy individuals and in a porcine model of diuresis. The results demonstrated that sodium MRI could detect spatial differences in sodium biodistribution across the kidney. The sodium gradient of the kidney changed significantly after diuresis in the pig model and was independent of blood electrolyte measurements. Thus, rapid sodium MRI can be used to dynamically quantify sodium biodistribution in the porcine and human kidney.
Highlights
This study demonstrates the use of sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na-MRI) to quantify the corticomedullary sodium gradient in both the porcine and human kidney and diuretic-induced changes in this gradient in pigs
This study demonstrated the potential of renal sodium imaging in both the healthy human and porcine kidney as part of a multisite study
The results show a strong correlation in the quantitative sodium measurements derived from segmented regions of interest (ROIs) between individuals and a consistent corticomedullary sodium gradient
Summary
This study demonstrates the use of sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na-MRI) to quantify the corticomedullary sodium gradient in both the porcine and human kidney and diuretic-induced changes in this gradient in pigs. It shows the potential of using 23Na-MRI in conditions that may result in impairment of the sodium gradient, for example, chronic kidney disease, acute renal injury, and pyelonephritis. O smolality gradients within the renal parenchyma are essential for normal kidney function These gradients are partly generated by changes in sodium concentration produced by a number of sodium transporters including the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase transporter,[1] which increases the concentration of sodium in the interstitium. JT Grist et al.: Using MRI to visualize sodium dynamics basic research allows for the differentiation of physiologic and pathologic alterations in renal function.[7,8] The hypotheses of this study were, first, that the distribution of sodium in the renal system can be reproducibly quantified across 2 clinical sites using 23Na-MRI and, second, that the action of furosemide to flatten the corticomedullary sodium gradient can be dynamically measured using the same technique
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