Abstract
Distribution of lithium ions in crystals is an important issue for development of advanced lithium ion batteries. Using spherical aberration-corrected electron microscope, lithium columns in crystals have been visualized with heavy element ones by a new method of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) called as annular bright field (ABF) imaging. ABF images are taken by setting an annular detector in bright field disk. It is so powerful that it visualizes not only lithium but also hydrogen columns in battery and storage materials. Some suggested explanations of ABF imaging mechanism, hollow-cone beam illumination method, phase object approximation and s-state channeling model, will be reviewed.
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