Visualization of buried anti‐tank landmines and soil pollution: analyses using ground penetrating radar method with attributes and petrographical methods

Abstract

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an approximation to display buried anti‐tank landmines with ground‐penetrating radar method, including physical data attributes by measuring data in a special military field and determination of soil pollution using mineralogical and chemical features of the soil obtained by confocal Raman spectrometry and polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence, which are petro‐graphical methods, before and after bursting the mine. Two‐dimensional ground penetrating radar data were acquired on parallel profiles using 800‐MHz shielded antenna on unexploded anti‐tank landmines buried approximately 10 cm–15 cm in depth. After general processing in the time domain, we employed migration, a frequency‐wavenumber (F‐K) filter, and ground‐penetrating radar data attributes with an amplitude envelope, spectral whitening, and first‐time derivative to activate anti‐tank landmine visualization. Finally, we obtained three‐dimensional half bird ‘s eye view of the processed volume with each separate attribute. We also derived the transparent three dimensional volumes by assigning opacity to the amplitude‐colour range. The results showed that the depth slices including attributes and the transparent three‐dimensional depth‐volumes could clearly image the anti‐tank landmine. In addition, migration and F‐K filter during special processing were very important in removing data noise. Ground‐penetrating radar data atthbutes—particularly amplitude enveloping— could suppress small phase shifts in the neighbouhng traces of the landmine amplitude anomalies and helped to obtain more complete results showing location and depth in the three‐dimensional volume.The results of the analyses of the major oxide elements and heavy metal elements, such as Fe2O3 Pb, Zn, As, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Sb, and Sn, in the test area revealed that there were almost no major differences before and after blasting the anti‐tank landmines. This indicates that one‐time bursting of the anti‐tank landmines in the field has not polluted the soil in this area.