Abstract
In immunodeficiency diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, various body functions may be affected; visual function could be one of them. In a child, there are predictable adverse outcomes of the disease that bother physical and mental development. This study sought to investigate any potential compromise of visual function amongst HIV-infected children on anti-retroviral drugs known as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) use by comparing the visual acuity, colour sense and field of vision in infected and non-infected children. One hundred (100) children aged between 5 to 15 years consisting of fifty (50) HIV infected and fifty (50) non-HIV infected were selected through random sampling. Visual acuity test (Snellen’s method), colour sense test (Ishihara chart method) and field of vision test (confrontational method) were carried out. Latest Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4+) count of the HIV infected subjects also was collected. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Student T Test and ANOVA. The mean visual acuity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected children was slightly low compared to the negative group (94.2±4.61and 96.4±12.58 respectively) but was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean of Ishihara colour sense test and that of the field of vision test also showed no statistically significant change between infected and non-infected children. Mean CD4+ count of the HIV infected children increased with age and use of anti-retroviral drugs. From 11 to 15 years, percentage defect in visual acuity increased amongst the HIV infected children, compared to the other ages but not statistically significant (p>0.05). It was concluded that visual acuity decreases slightly with improving CD4+ count and increasing age, for HIV positive children on anti-retroviral drugs. These parameters could be observed in subsequent years and subjects monitored for further investigation.
Highlights
We examine the results obtained from selected visual tests carried out on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and non-HIV children in Jos, Plateau State
In the positive group which consists of fifty (50) children, forty (40) had ‘good’ visual acuity of 6/6 for both left and right eyes (80%), six (6) had 9/6 for both eyes which was categorized as ‘poor’ (12%), one (1) had 9/6 visual acuity for the left eye while the right eye was covered by a cataract (2%), another (1) had visual acuity of 9/6 for one eye but 6/6 for the left (2%)
Visual acuity slightly increased in HIV positive than in the negative group and the minimal colour vision defect which was present in ages 5 to 7 years improved in the subsequent age groups
Summary
Prior to the introduction of highly reactive retroviral therapy (HAART), it was found that 50-70% of HIV infected individual developed non-refractive visual problems during the course of their illness [5]. This placed patients with HIV/AIDS in developing nations with poor health care at higher risks of blindness and low vision. During this preHAART era, the commonest cause of visual loss in these
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