Visual Security Evaluation of Perceptually Encrypted Images Based on Image Importance

Abstract

Perceptual/selective encryption has been gaining widespread attention as an emerging technology for image privacy protection. However, few studies focus on the visual security evaluation of perceptually encrypted images, which has a significant impact on measuring the effectiveness and practicality of these encryption methods. In this paper, we propose an image importance-based visual security index (IIBVSI) by leveraging spatial contrast and texture features. Based on the characteristics of perceptually encrypted images, we present an averaged high-order gradient magnitude map to describe the spatial contrast feature and introduce a combined local amplitude map of multiple log-Gabor filters to represent the texture feature. Specifically, the multiresolution representation of an image is first created by downsampling to simulate the hierarchical property of the human visual system. Next, for each scale of image resolution, the spatial contrast and the texture feature maps are extracted from both plain and encrypted images. Similarity measurements are then conducted on these feature maps to generate the contrast and the texture similarity maps. An image importance-based pooling strategy is subsequently proposed to combine these measurements and generate a visual security score. The final IIBVSI score is computed by averaging the visual security scores of all scales of image resolution. Extensive experiments are conducted on several publicly available databases, and the results demonstrate the superiority and robustness of our proposed IIBVSI compared with existing state-of-the-art work in the low and moderate image quality ranges.