Visual Quantitation of Dopamine-Inspired Fluorescent Adhesion with Orthogonal Phenanthrenequinone Photochemistry.

Abstract

Quantifying adhesion is crucial for understanding adhesion mechanisms and developing advanced dopamine-inspired materials and devices. However, achieving nondestructive and real-time quantitation of adhesion using optical spectra remains challenging. Here, we present a dopamine-inspired orthogonal phenanthrenequinone photochemistry strategy for the one-step adhesion and real-time visual quantitation of fluorescent spectra. This strategy utilizes phenanthrenequinone-mediated photochemistry to facilitate conjoined network formation in the adhesive through simultaneous photoclick cycloaddition and free-radical polymerization. The resulting hydrogel-like adhesive exhibits good mechanical performance, with a Young's modulus of 300 kPa, a toughness of 750 kJ m-3, and a fracture energy of 4500 J m-2. This adhesive, along with polycyclic aromatic phenanthrenequinones, shows strong adhesion (>100 kPa) and interfacial toughness thresholds (250 J m-2) on diverse surfaces─twice to triple as much as typical dopamine-contained adhesives. Importantly, such an adhesive demonstrates excellent fluorescent performance under UV irradiation, closely correlating with its adhesion strengths. Their fluorescence intensities remain constant after continuous stretching/releasing treatment and even in the dried state. Therefore, this dopamine-inspired orthogonal phenanthrenequinone photochemistry is readily available for real-time and nondestructive visual quantitation of adhesion performance under various conditions. Moreover, the adhesive precursor is chemically ultrastable for more than seven months and achieves adhesion on substrates within seconds upon blue light irradiation. As a proof-of-concept, we leverage the rapid and visual quantitation of adhesion and printability to create fluorescent patterns and structures, showcasing applications in information storage, adhesion prediction, and self-reporting properties. This general and straightforward strategy holds promise for rapidly preparing functional adhesive materials and designing high-performance wearable devices.