Abstract
The responses of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) to visual stimuli depend on behavioral states. Specifically, surround suppression is reduced during locomotion. Although locomotion-induced vasoactive intestinal polypeptide positive (VIP) interneuron depolarization can account for the reduction of surround suppression, the functions of VIP cell depolarization are not fully understood. Here we utilize a firing rate model and a computational model to elucidate the potential functions of VIP cell depolarization during locomotion. Our analyses suggest 1) that surround suppression sharpens the visual responses in V1 to a stationary scene, 2) that depolarized VIP cells enhance V1 responses to moving objects by reducing self-induced surround suppression and 3) that during locomotion V1 neuron responses to some features of the moving objects can be selectively enhanced. Thus, VIP cells regulate surround suppression to allow pyramidal neurons to optimally encode visual information independent of behavioral state.
Highlights
Visual perception, an internal model of external environment, does not merely reflect exogenous stimuli
Our firing rate and computational models predict that V1 neuron responses to behaviorally relevant features are selectively enhanced during locomotion
We first use a firing rate model to study the function of surround suppression and investigate how vasoactive intestinal polypeptide positive (VIP) cell depolarization during locomotion modulates visual neuron responses
Summary
An internal model of external environment, does not merely reflect exogenous stimuli. That is, depolarized VIP cells disinhibit pyramidal (Pyr) cells by lowering surrounding suppression This disinhibition, accounts for the reduction of surround suppression during locomotion[2, 10]. The responses of visual-selective neurons to object motion will depend on the strength of self-induced surround suppression. We hypothesize that VIP cells are depolarized to reduce such surround suppression which may be undesirable during locomotion To address this hypothesis, we utilize a simple neuronal circuit model of V1, in which the three major inhibitory cell types, parvalbumin (PV), SST and VIP positive inhibitory interneurons, interact with one another and with pyramidal (Pyr) cells via cell-type specific connections[8, 9]. We estimate the strength of self-induced surround suppression in V1 and demonstrate how VIP cell depolarization enhances visual responses during locomotion by suppressing it. Our firing rate and computational models predict that V1 neuron responses to behaviorally relevant features are selectively enhanced during locomotion
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