Visual Non-Instrumental On-Site Detection of Fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 in Cereal Samples Using a Clean-Up Combined with Gel-Based Immunoaffinity Test Column Assay

Wei Sheng,Fangyu Chu,Zhi Li,Weihong Ji,Shuo Wang,Hesen Wu

doi:10.3390/toxins10040165

Wei Sheng, Fangyu Chu + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040165

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Abstract

A visual immunoaffinity test column (IATC) assay was developed to detect fumonisins in cereal samples for spot tests without the need for special instruments. The developed IATC assay had equivalent recognition capability for fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), or fumonisin B3 (FB3), and exhibited no cross-reactivity with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, or the T-2 toxin. The sample pretreatment was accomplished more rapidly and with greater ease, the entire assay procedure was completed in approximately 10 min, including sample pretreatment and testing. The limits of detection (LODs) of the IATC assay to detect fumonisins in the maize, barley, oat, and millet samples were 20 μg kg−1. The results of the spiked maize, barley, oat, and millet and real maize samples by the IATC assay agreed well with the results obtained by the commercial fumonisin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. The developed IATC assay can serve as a useful screening tool for the rapid, qualitative, and semi-quantitative detection of the total content of fumonisins (sum of FB1, FB2, and FB3) in cereal samples on-site.

Highlights

Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum are the main Fusarium species producing fumonisins, which contaminate mainly maize and maize products
The visual limit of detection (LOD) for the immunoaffinity test column (IATC) assay was considered the lowest concentration of fumonisin B1 (FB1) at which the test layer showed no color
FB1 from a maize sample, so we considered that the barley sample extracted solution contained some contained some impurities or proteins that may influence the IATC assay, and the barley sample impurities or proteins that may influence the IATC assay, and the barley sample extracted solution extracted solution could not be directly tested by the IATC

Summary

Introduction

Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum are the main Fusarium species producing fumonisins, which contaminate mainly maize and maize products. Fumonisin B (FB) is the main contaminant of natural cereal samples, with fumonisin B1 accounting for approximately 70% of fumonisins; and fumonisin B2 and fumonisin. B3 for approximately 20% and 10% [2], respectively. FBs have been found in foodstuffs, such as cereals [3], dried figs [4], pine nuts [5], coffee [6], black tea, and medicinal plants [7]. Considering its toxicity, many countries and institutions have established limits for FBs in agricultural products. The maximum levels of total FBs (FB1 + FB2 + FB3 ) established by the U.S

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