Abstract
Many studies have established a relationship between visual function and motor development in toddlers. This is the first report to study two-year-olds via an assessment of their visual and motor skills. The purpose of this study is to describe the possible changes that can occur between visual and motor systems in typical developing toddlers. A total of 116 toddlers were included in this observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 29.57 ± 3.45 months. Motor development variables studied were dominant hand/foot; stationary, locomotion, object manipulation, grasping, visual motor integration percentiles; gross motor, fine motor, and total motor percentiles; and gross motor, fine motor, and total motor quotients. Visual development variables were assessed including visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, motor fusion and suppression, ocular motility, and stereopsis. Our findings demonstrated that typical developing toddlers with slow gross motor development had higher exophoria and further near point of convergence values compared to toddlers with fast gross motor development (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in visual acuity and stereopsis between slow and fast gross motor development toddlers.
Highlights
Visual and motor development involves a physical and physiological process that allows perceiving precise details of an image and a perceptual process that requires multisensory integration: vision, hearing, touch, and proprioception for the interpretation of visual information.Vision delivers a key sensory input required for the proper functioning of neural circuits and is a brain process of sensory integration [1] that offers important information in most daily activities [2]
No statistically significant differences were found in any the toddlers
We found no significant differences in visual development between the results fast and for the Fine Motor Percentile (FMP), GMQTMP, groups
Summary
Visual and motor development involves a physical and physiological process that allows perceiving precise details of an image (eyesight) and a perceptual process (vision) that requires multisensory integration: vision, hearing, touch, and proprioception for the interpretation of visual information. Vision delivers a key sensory input required for the proper functioning of neural circuits and is a brain process of sensory integration [1] that offers important information in most daily activities [2]. Binocular vision offers improvements over monocular vision. It enables the exploration of the visual scene during movement planning of the hands and feet directed at a target in space, such as the hand to grasp items [3] and the feet to walk [4], climb obstacles [5], or even for sitting postural control [6]. Three- and six-month-old babies can better assess if objects are within reach and move toward them using both eyes instead of one [7], as demonstrated during crawling [8]
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