Abstract
Pure titanium dioxide TiO2 photocatalytic substrates exhibit antibacterial activity only when they are irradiated with ultraviolet light, which comprises high-energy wavelengths that damage all life. Impurity doping of TiO2-related materials enables visible light to stimulate photocatalytic activity, which enhances opportunities for TiO2 to be used as a disinfectant in living environments. Boron-doped TiO2 displays visible-light-responsive bactericidal properties. However, because boron-derived compounds also exert notable antibacterial effects, most reports did not clearly demonstrate the extent to which the bactericidal property of boron-doped TiO2 is contributed by visible-light-stimulated photocatalysis. In addition, TiO2 thin films have considerable potential for applications in equipment that requires sterilization; however, the antibacterial properties of boron-doped TiO2 thin films have been examined by only a few studies. We found that boron-doped TiO2 thin films displayed visible-light-driven antibacterial properties. Moreover, because boron compounds may have intrinsic antibacterial properties, using control groups maintained in the dark, we clearly demonstrated that visible light stimulated the photocatalysis of boron-doped TiO2 thin films but not the residue boron compounds display antibacterial property. The bactericidal effects induced by visible light are equally potent for the elimination of the model organism Escherichia coli and human pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibacterial applications of boron-doped TiO2 thin films are described, and relevant perspectives discussed.
Highlights
Disinfectants are critical in the elimination of environmental pathogens for adequately maintaining a clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene services, and hospital facilities [1]
In the present study, hygiene and clinical equipment [24], have been examined to a limited extent on the boron-doped we investigated the antibacterial property of boron-doped TiO2 thin films
Following previously described methods [25], two series of Following previously described methods [25], two series of boronboron-doped TiO2 [TiO2 (B)] films with thickness ranging from 117 nm to 484 nm were prepared in this doped [TiO2(B)] TiO2 films with thickness ranging from 117 nm to 484 nm were prepared in this study
Summary
Disinfectants are critical in the elimination of environmental pathogens for adequately maintaining a clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene services, and hospital facilities [1]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) materials are one of the most common photocatalysts used for antimicrobial applications [2]. The exposure of photocatalytic materials to ultraviolet (UV) light results in the generation of electron–hole pairs because electrons from the valence band are stimulated to enter the conduction band. Efficient photocatalysis utilizes these holes and electrons in reaction rather than in recombination, which is a process that involves the release of energy in the form of heat to cause incomplete photocatalysis. Antimicrobial reactive oxygen species are produced by reactions between excited electron–hole pairs and atmospheric water or oxygen [3]. The toxic effects of UV light prohibit the usage of UV photocatalysts in workplaces and living environments
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