Abstract
Visible light-responsive WO 3 nanoporous films with preferential orientation of the (0 0 2) planes were prepared by anodization in neutral F −-containing strong electrolytes. The pore diameter of the self-organized structure was estimated to be in the region of 70–90 nm. Voltages were applied by stepping, which positively influenced passivity breakdown and played a significant role in the formation of self-organized nanoporous films. Under visible light irradiation, the photocurrent density (at 1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and maximum photoconversion efficiency generated by the annealed nanoporous film were 3.45 mA/cm 2 and 0.91%, respectively. The annealed nanoporous WO 3 films show maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 92% at 340 nm at 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. These values are higher than that of annealed compact WO 3 film due to the large interfacial heterojunction area. The photoelectrochemical activities and electronic conductivities were also enhanced by annealing crystallization, which removed the recombination centers.
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