Visible–light driven photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol-A using ultrasonically synthesized polypyrrole/K-birnessite nanohybrids: Experimental and DFT studies

Abstract

Although manganese oxides are known for their semiconductor characteristics, the photocatalytic performance of conducting polymer intercalated K-Birnessite (K-Bi) has not been explored till date. With the view to design a visible light driven organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalyst for rapid degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA), the present work reports the ultrasound-assisted green synthesis of K-Bi/polypyrrole (Ppy) nanohybrids. The loading of Ppy in K-Bi was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis while the formation of organic–inorganic hybrid was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. K-Bi revealed a band gap of 2.8 eV while for the nanohybrids it was found to be ranging between 2.4 and 1.6 eV. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed partial intercalation of Ppy chains in the inter-layer space of K-Bi. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies showed mixed morphology of K-Birnessite/Ppy nanohybrids. Rapid degradation of BPA was observed under visible irradiation in presence of K-Bi/Ppy nanohybrids and almost 90% degradation of 20 mg/L BPA solution was achieved within 120 min. The degradation was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics and the degraded fragments were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Degradation pathway was proposed based on density-functional theory calculations of fukui index predicting the radical easy-attacking (f0) and (f-) sites in BPA.