Abstract
The photo-activation of permanganate (PM) for pollutant degradation in water has garnered significant interest due to its potential, yet it is impeded by efficiency constraints. In this study, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) engineered graphitic carbon nitride (CN) catalysts with high light absorption, well photocarrier separation, and robust photoreduction capability were employed to activate PM under visible light irradiation (Vis) for sulfadiazine degradation. A high first-order rate constant of 0.185 min−1 was observed with the Vis/PM/NV-modified CN system, which was 25.2 and 7.1 times greater than those from Vis/PM and Vis/PM/CN system respectively. More interestingly, it was found that PM predominantly engaged with photo-generated holes as Lewis acid sites, elevating its oxidation potential and concurrently stimulating the production of photo-generated electrons. Meanwhile, dissolved oxygen (DO) was reduced by photo-generated electrons to form superoxide ions, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals. These produced reactive species through the synergistic activation of PM and DO, finally participated in the degradation of pollutants. Furthermore, the versatility and reusability of NV-CN catalysts were assessed under different reaction conditions, demonstrating promising prospects for practical applications. The results will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of photoactivation of PM for pollutant degradation.
Published Version
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