Abstract
The wide acceptance of Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD, methodology has resurrected the interest in elastic shakedown and inelastic structural adaptation. Starting point in many research efforts is the celebrated Melan theorem of elastic shakedown (static theorem). In the past, the main emphasis has been placed on perfectly plastic material behavior and hardening materials for which analytical estimates for shakedown and elastic adaptation were developed, including bounds for plastic dissipation and residual displacements. However, these concepts do not extend to the increasingly important field of elastic degradation and plastic softening, where the loss of material stability and localization in the form of discontinuous bifurcation introduces new challenges.
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