Viscometric Measurement of Chromium(III)-Polyacrylamide Gels by Weissenberg Rheogoniometer

Abstract

ABSTRACT Gelled polymers are being used increasingly to modify the movement of injected fluids in secondary and enhanced oil recovery processes. A common gelation process involves the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of polyacrylamide. The Cr(III) reacts or interacts with the polymer to form a gel network. Although correlations of gelation time with principal process variables have been obtained, viscometric data have not been reported during or after gelation. These data are needed for fluid flow calculations in surface equipment and estimation of flow behavior in reservoir rocks. A Weissenberg Rheogoniometer, with cone and plate geometry, was used to obtain viscometric data for the gelation of polyacrylamide and chromium (III). Solutions consisting of polyacrylamide polymer, sodium dichromate-dihydrate and sodium bisulfite were gelled under a steady shear field at constant temperature. The shear stress vs. time profile for the gelation process was interpreted to define a gelation time and to determine the apparent viscosity of the gelled fluid. The gelation time decreased as the applied shear rate increased up to about 14.25 sec−1 and was affected by shear rate history. Viscometric properties of the gelled solutions were determined. Apparent viscosity of the gelled solutions decreased as the shear rate under which they were formed increased. Post gelation studies indicated that gels exhibited a residual or yield stress at zero shear rate and behaved as Bingham plastics under steady shear. Gels formed at low shear rates were more viscous than gels formed at high shear rates. However, the structure of these gels was susceptible to shear degradation.