Abstract
The author was a professional engineer working in the fields of space shuttle, naval battleships, nuclear power plants, computer hardware and software, artificial intelligence, and semiconductor chips. After his retirement, he started to self-study and research internal medicine, emphasizing biomarker relationships exploration and disease prevention. Since 2010, he has utilized the disciplines learned from 7 different universities along with various work experiences to formulate his current medical research work during the past 13 years. In engineering and medicine, he discovered that we frequently seek answers, illustrations, or explanations for the relationships between the input variable (force applied on a structure or cause of a disease) and output variable (deformation of a structure or symptom of a disease). However, the multiple relationships between input and output could be expressed with many different matrix formats of 1 x 1, 1 x n, m x 1, or m x n (m or n means different multiple variables). In addition to these described mathematical complications, the output resulting from one or more inputs can also become an input of another output, which is a symptom of certain causes that can become a cause of another different symptom. This phenomenon is a complex scenario with “chain effects”. In fact, engineering and biomedical complications are fundamentally mathematical problems that correlate or conform with many inherent physical laws or principles. Over the past 13 years, in his medical research, he has encountered more than 100 different sets of biomarkers with almost equal amounts of cause/input variables versus symptom/output variables. For example, food and exercise influence both body weight and glucose level, where persistent high glucose can result in diabetes. When diabetes combines with hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids), it can cause diabetic retinopathy (DR), cardiovascular disease (CVD), or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, obesity and diabetes are also linked with various kinds of cancers. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs when too much blood sugar or glucose damages the blood vessels in the retina. As a result, the retina does not get enough oxygen and nutrients, and blood vessels can leak blood into the retina. DR is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in people 20 to 74 years of age in the US (Reference: Eylea, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.).
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