Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #48): Investigating the Role of Strain, Strain Rate, and the Viscosity Factor in Biomedical VGT Applications using Sensor FPG Versus Body Weight over 18 Months from 10/1/2020 to 3/23/2022, along with Finger FPG Versus Body Weight over 11 Years from 1/1/2012 to 3/23/2022, with Biomedical Illustrations of the Physics and Engineering Analysis Results Based

Abstract

The author was a professional engineer working in the fields of the space shuttle, naval battleships, nuclear power plant, computer hardware and software, artificial intelligence, and semiconductor chips. After retiring from his work based in the disciplines of mathematics, physics, and engineering, he has initiated self-study and research on internal medicine with an emphasis on biomarker relationships exploration and disease prevention. Since 2010, he has utilized these disciplines learned from 7 different universities along with work experiences to formulate his current medical research work. One thing he has learned is that in engineering or medicine, we are seeking answers or illustrations for the relationships between the input variable (force on a structure or cause of a disease) and output variable (deformation on a structure or symptom of a disease). However, the relationships between input and output could be expressed with a matrix format of 1 x 1, 1 x n, m x 1, or m x n (m or n means different multiple variables). In addition to the described complications, the output resulting from one or more inputs can turn into another input of different outputs, i.e., a symptom of certain causes can be a cause of the different symptoms. This phenomenon becomes a complex chain “effect”. In other words, an engineering or biomedical issue is fundamentally a mathematical problem that correlates with many inherent physical laws or principles. Over the past 13 years, he has investigated approximately 100 different sets of cause/input variables versus symptom/ output variables in the biomedical field. For example, food and exercise influence the glucose level, where persistent high glucose can result in diabetes. When diabetes combines with hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids), it can cause cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, diabetes is also linked with various kinds of cancers. These sets of biomedical input versus output scenarios and problems have been researched by the author using different tools from mathematics, physics, computer science, and engineering. Recently, he has applied theories of viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity to various biomedical problems and has written nearly 50 papers. In this article, he selected two datasets to investigate the role played by strain, stress, strain rate, viscosity factor, and relative energy. The first dataset is a symptom of the sensor collected fasting plasma glucose (FPG) versus a cause of body weight (BW) during the 18 months from October 2020 to March 2022. The second dataset is a symptom of the finger pierced FPG versus a cause of BW during the 11 years from Y2012 to Y2022. The appearance of the two waveforms in the time domain is quite different due to two selected time windows and two glucose measurement methods.