Abstract
Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms through which viral infections manipulate metabolic pathways including glucose, fatty acid, protein, and nucleotide metabolism. These pathways are evolutionarily conserved across the tree of life and extremely important for the host’s nutrient utilization and energy production. In this review, we focus on host glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism and highlight the pathways manipulated by the different classes of viruses to increase their replication. We also explore a new system of viral hormones in which viruses mimic host hormones to manipulate the host endocrine system. We discuss viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides and their potential effects on host metabolism. Together, these pathogenesis mechanisms targeting cellular signaling pathways create a multidimensional network of interactions between host and viral proteins. Defining and better understanding these mechanisms will help us to develop new therapeutic tools to prevent and treat viral infections.
Highlights
Viruses are the most abundant and widespread biological entities in the world with an enormous variety of genetic material and the ability to infect different species [1]
Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication, which indicates that PRRSV uses fatty acids for its replication, but the cellular signaling pathway to increase fatty acid synthesis is different from the AMPK-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway [59]
We showed that grouper iridovirus (GIV) dcVILP stimulated significantly higher glucose uptake in white adipose tissue (WAT) compared to insulin
Summary
Viruses are the most abundant and widespread biological entities in the world with an enormous variety of genetic material and the ability to infect different species [1]. As a result of coevolution, viruses have developed various mechanisms to facilitate viral replication. One of these mechanisms is based on manipulating the host metabolism by disrupting critical metabolic pathways and targeting master regulator proteins of metabolism. We explore the manipulation of metabolic pathways by different classes of viruses that can infect humans or other distinct animal species. We cover the studies that identified an exact mechanism of viral manipulation of metabolic signaling; we exclude the descriptive studies. Successful characterization of these modified signaling pathways has the potential to be the key to the treatment of several viral infections
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