Abstract
Most enteric viruses in wastewater are bound to solids and become components of sludge during normal operations at a treatment facility. Anaerobic digestion of sludge causes viral inactivation but the amount depends on the temperature and time of digestion as well as on certain properties of the sludge such as ammonia concentration and pH. Enteric viruses are also inactivated in sludge through drying by evaporation and during lime treatment if held above pH 11. One of the most effective methods of inactivating viruses in sludge is with heat. Temperatures attained during efficient composting readily cause viral inactivation even though certain components of sludge, such as detergents, can stabilize viruses against heat. The exposure time required for virus inactivation by heat drops rapidly at temperatures near 60°. Irradiation of sludge with either beta or gamma rays also causes viral inactivation but the doses required are much greater than needed to inactivate sludge pathogens of greater size, such as enteric bacteria.
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