Abstract
Norovirus and Rotavirus are among the pathogens causing a large number of disease outbreaks due to contaminated water. These viruses are nanoscale particles that are difficult to remove by common filtration approaches which are based on physical size exclusion, and require adsorption-based filtration methods. This study reports the pH-responsive interactions of viruses with cationic-modified nanocellulose and demonstrates a filter material that adsorbs nanoscale viruses and can be regenerated by changing the solution's pH. The bacteria viruses Qbeta and MS2, with diameters below 30nm but different surface properties, are used to evaluate the pH-dependency of the interactions and the filtration process. Small angle X-ray scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and ζ-potential measurements are used to study the interactions and analyze changes in their nanostructure and surface properties of the virus upon adsorption. The virus removal capacity of the cationic cellulose-based aerogel filter is 99.9% for MS2 and 93.6% for Qbeta, at pH = 7.0; and desorption of mostly intact viruses occurs at pH = 3.0. The results contribute to the fundamental understanding of pH-triggered virus-nanocellulose self-assembly and can guide the design of sustainable and environmentally friendly adsorption-based virus filter materials as well as phage and virus-based materials.
Highlights
W.H.O and U.S.E.P.A. recommended drinking water pH range, from 6.5 to 8.5.[7]
The 29 nm diameter spherical core– shell structure of the bacteriophage Qbeta in suspension is observed by smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-TEM at pH = 7.0 and 9.0
At pH = 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0, opposite ζ-potential was measured and attractive interactions were recorded by SAXS, between Qbeta and cationic nanofibrilated cellulose (CNFC), whereas at pH = 3.0, no attractive interactions were found, indicating a potential filter regeneration process
Summary
W.H.O and U.S.E.P.A. recommended drinking water pH range, from 6.5 to 8.5.[7]. these viruses and positively chargedContaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 materials can interact electrostatically through charge attraction.diarrheal deaths each year.[1]. W.H.O and U.S.E.P.A. recommended drinking water pH range, from 6.5 to 8.5.[7] these viruses and positively charged. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 materials can interact electrostatically through charge attraction. Diarrheal deaths each year.[1] Viral waterborne pathogens are Tailoring the filter material to interact with the contaminants is a key parameter to achieve efficient removal in depth filtra-. Membranes have been surface-modified with cationic polymers, promoting the adsorption of negatively charged viruses.[8] the drawback of this approach is
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