Abstract
We produced and isolated tobacco mosaic virus-like particles (TMV VLPs) from bacteria, which are devoid of infectious genomes, and found that they have a net negative charge and can bind calcium ions. Moreover, we showed that the TMV VLPs could associate strongly with nanocellulose slurry after a simple mixing step. We sequentially exposed nanocellulose alone or slurries mixed with the TMV VLPs to calcium and phosphate salts and utilized physicochemical approaches to demonstrate that bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) was deposited only in nanocellulose mixed with the TMV VLPs. The TMV VLPs confer mineralization properties to the nanocellulose for the generation of new composite materials.
Highlights
There is much demand for natural renewable biomass derived nanomaterials due to their revalorization of waste streams, and their broad range of customizable physical and chemical properties which can be deployed to different market sectors
In this paper we describe a novel approach for the facilitated deposition of HA onto plant nanocelluloses, a substrate which would not typically support HA nucleation, by incorporating virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein subunit (CP)
In this work we found that “non decorated” TMV VLPs had a negative surface charge, which is consistent with previous work on wildtype TMV [17,18] and that they could bind Ca2+ ions
Summary
There is much demand for natural renewable biomass derived nanomaterials due to their revalorization of waste streams, and their broad range of customizable physical and chemical properties which can be deployed to different market sectors. TMV VLPs can be generated by expressing in bacteria a modified CP (E50Q and D77N mutations) which can assemble into 18 nm diameter, 100–1000 nm length rods in the absence of viral RNA [16] These particles have the advantage in that they can rapidly be produced to high yields, are non infectious and can be suitably “decorated” with different activities by fusing peptides and proteins of interest to various regions of the coat protein [16]. In this work we found that “non decorated” TMV VLPs had a negative surface charge, which is consistent with previous work on wildtype TMV [17,18] and that they could bind Ca2+ ions We observed that these VLPs could robustly integrate into nanocellulose matrices via a simple mixing step and that they could confer HA mineralizing properties to the nanocellulose upon exposure to calcium and phosphate salts. Non infectious virus derived structures can be utilized to alter the properties of nanocellulose to facilitate bone mineral deposition for formation of new composites
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