Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by foot-andmouth disease virus (FMDV)
We summarized how host defends Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection through various host restriction factors
We summarized the pathogenesis of FMD, FMDV receptors and cell tropism, innate/adaptive immune system dysfunction, autophagy, apoptosis, and Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum pathways in FMDV infection to describe the gap in the related knowledge
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by foot-andmouth disease virus (FMDV). FMD seriously affects the livestock industry and threatens the international trade in animals and animal products. It has been classified into the A list of infectious diseases of animals by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) [4, 5]. The immunosuppression and virulence of viral proteins efficiently promote FMDV replication which affect the host’s resistance to other pathogens. We summarized how host defends FMDV infection through various host restriction factors. This will help clarify the pathogenesis of FMD and summarize the functions of viral proteins, and provide insights for designing effective vaccines and drugs to prevent and control the spreading of FMD
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