Abstract
Background: Salmonella enterica is one of the common pathogens in both humans and animals that causes salmonellosis and threatens public health all over the world. Methods and Results: Here we determined the virulence phenotypes of nine Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S. enterica) isolates in vitro and in vivo, including pathogenicity to chicken, cell infection, biofilm formation and virulence gene expressions. S. Enteritidis 211 (SE211) was highly pathogenic with notable virulence features among the nine isolates. The combination of multiple virulence genes contributed to the conferring of the high virulence in SE211. Importantly, many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were found in the genome sequence of SE211, including a virulence plasmid, genomic islands, and prophage regions. The MGEs and CRISPR-Cas system might function synergistically for gene transfer and immune defense. In addition, the neighbor joining tree and the minimum spanning tree were constructed in this study. Conclusions: This study provided both the virulence phenotypes and genomic features, which might contribute to the understanding of bacterial virulence mechanisms in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The first completed genomic sequence for the high virulent S. Enteritidis isolate SE211 and the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses provided a preliminary understanding of S. enterica genetics and laid the foundation for further study.
Highlights
Salmonella is a widespread zoonotic pathogen causing food poisoning in humans through infected livestock and poultry, and has caused considerable economic damage worldwide [1]
After oral infection with 2.5 × 108 CFU of S. enterica, four isolates (201, 114, 64 and 206) caused lethality to chicken within 5 days (Table S3), while the chickens infected by the other five isolates (211, 62, 92, 76 and 94) all survived in low spirits or with diarrhea symptoms
Using BLAST, we have identified potential candidate genes targeted by clustered interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system (Supplementary Material S4: CRISPR-Cas system targets predicated by BLAST)
Summary
Salmonella is a widespread zoonotic pathogen causing food poisoning in humans through infected livestock and poultry, and has caused considerable economic damage worldwide [1]. Analyses indicated that Salmonella cases were among the most commonly encountered causes of bacterial foodborne disease globally [2]. Salmonella is a highly diverse genus, including two species (Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica), in which. Salmonella enterica is regarded as the most pathogenic species. On one side, Salmonella enterica can be subdivided into six subspecies such as Salmonella enterica subsp. Salmonella mainly consists of two groups based on the human diseases caused by Salmonella: Typhoidal. Salmonella serotypes that can cause typhoid fever and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Serotypes that comprise plenty of serotypes but cannot cause typhoid fever.
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