Abstract
Human noroviruses are the major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Since no therapeutic agent has been proven to prevent human norovirus infection yet, preventive healthcare interventions to block the infection routes play an important role in infection control. One of the possible infection routes of human noroviruses are through contaminated hands, but no hand antiseptics have been proven effective. Olanexidine gluconate is a new biguanide compound that has already been approved for sale as an antiseptic for the surgical field in Japan. A new hand antiseptic was developed using olanexidine gluconate in this study, and its virucidal efficacy against human noroviruses was evaluated using modified RT-qPCR that can account for genome derived from intact viruses using RNase A and photo-reactive intercalators. We tested the virucidal efficacy of five materials; two olanexidine gluconate antiseptics (hand rub formulation and surgical field formulation), two kinds of ethanol solutions at different pH (approx. 3 or 7), and a base component of olanexidine gluconate hand rub formulation against 11 human norovirus genotypes by culture-independent methods. The infectivity of murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate for human norovirus, was significantly reduced after use of the antiseptics. The olanexidine gluconate hand rub demonstrated the strongest virucidal efficacy against human norovirus among the five tested materials. This study showed that olanexidine gluconate has the potential to become a strong tool for the prevention of human norovirus infection.
Highlights
Noroviruses are a non-enveloped and single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Caliciviridae, and its particle is an icosahedron with a diameter of 38 nm Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.(Adams et al 2016)
Since we have no simple in vitro culture method for human noroviruses, it is difficult to evaluate the correlation between the value of RT-qPCR and the virus infectivity
We compared the results from the modified RT-qPCR and the plaque assay using murine norovirus (MNV) (Table 3)
Summary
Of the ten genogroups of norovirus, genogroups I (GI), GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX can infect humans, and GIII, GV, GVII, and GX can infect bovine, mice, dogs, and bats, respectively, (Chhabra et al 2019). Infectivity of human norovirus is considered to be very strong; fewer than ten viral particles have been reported adequate to establish infection (Feng et al 2011). Human noroviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in medical facilities, schools and restaurants, and the economic burden of the illness is $4.2 billion and $60.3 billion in direct medical and indirect societal costs per year, respectively (Bartsch et al 2016). Human noroviruses grow in small intestinal epithelial cells after a latency period of 12 to 48 h and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting (Dolin et al 1972).
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