Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to be a powerful tool for the visualization of simulated blood flow in cerebral aneurysms. This paper presents our study aimed at developing the VR visualization of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of cerebral aneurysms treated with flow-diverting (FD) stents. First, a spherical sidewall aneurysm located at a simplified internal carotid artery was considered for investigating the impact of stent deployment and positioning on the corresponding spatially time-varying blood flow behavior. The three-dimensional unsteady blood flow over a cardiac cycle was simulated numerically using the finite volume method, and the distributions of hemodynamic parameters inside the aneurysm sac, and on its wall, were presented with and without stent cases. Two stent positions, with and without a gap between the artery wall and stent, were considered to show the influence of correct stent position on aneurysm treatment. Second, a straightforward workflow was developed to import, process, and visualize the CFD analysis data in a VR environment by using open-source software with a high resolution. The Unity3D engine was used for displaying the processed animations in a VR environment operated on a head-mounted display (HMD). The refining process of each frame of time-varying CFD data was automated. The animated flow elements rendered in the VR environment were velocity vectors, velocity contours, streamlines, particle traces, and point clouds. CFD results showed that proper stenting facilitates thrombosis and occlusion of the aneurysm by modification of the flow patterns, which leads to lower inflow jet velocities into the aneurysm, longer turnover time, lower aneurysm-averaged kinetic energy, and lower wall shear stress. Additionally, the results indicated that a gap between the stent and the parent artery may lead to undesirable hemodynamic alterations. The VR visualization illustrated that the recognition of the potential in danger regions of aneurysms and the evaluation of the performance of FD stents in aneurysm treatment can be conducted without the need for several slices through the parent artery and aneurysm, as is required for traditional postprocessing methods. Through VR visualization, the details of the simulation results become readily available by navigating in the 3D animated flow elements using a high-degree-of-freedom headset.
Highlights
A cerebral or intracranial aneurysm occurs due to the weakness in the walls of the cerebral artery, which causes abnormal focal dilation of the vessel
Results are presented in both the traditional post-processing and virtual reality environment to show the interactive accessibility of Virtual reality (VR) visualization
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used as a powerful tool to study the effects of flow-diverters on aneurysm treatment and blood flow behavior in aneurysms before and after treatment
Summary
A cerebral or intracranial aneurysm occurs due to the weakness in the walls of the cerebral artery, which causes abnormal focal dilation of the vessel. The CFD analysis data can be displayed in the VR environment to allow physicians to understand the complex flow patterns of blood within cerebral arteries while “taking a walk” inside the aneurysm and observing the velocity, pressure, and stress fields [7] This is a useful means for neurosurgeons to assess the risk of stent treatment but is a stimulating way for the active training of medical students and preparation of patients before their stent treatment (through education to reduce their anxiety). Data in a VR environment with high resolution and low cost could prove to be a valuable tool for biomedical research In this regard, the current research aimed to first present a complete CF4Do-fV22R workflow that is able to obtain the output files of both licensed and open-source CFD software and use the open-source visualization software to render the objects and create animations in a VInRtheisnrveigraorndm, tehne tc.uOrrennlyt reaseloarwch-caoimsteVd Rto hfiresatdpsretseannt da caomdpeslektteoCpFDco-VmRpwutoerrkflwowith a VRctahpatabisleabgleratpohoibctsaicnarthdeaoruetpreuqtufiilreesdo.fSbeoctohnlidc,enthseedflaonwd obpeehna-vsoiourrcine CaFsDidseowftawlla-rteyapnedsaccular aunseeuthryesompewn-asosusricmeuvliasuteadliznautimonesroicftawllayrefotor prerned/perasthtestoebnjetcintsgaannddcrtehaetereansuimltastwionesreindaisplayed iVgnrRaapeVhniRvcisreocnanvrmdireaonrnet.mrOeeqnnulytirueadsloi.nwSge-cctoohnsedt p,VtrRheeshfleenoadwtesdebtewhanaovdrikoafrdlioenwsaktsaoisdpescwcoramelelp-ntuystpheeroswtsaicatchnuadlaVraRann-icmeauparyatibsomlne s.
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