Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting pigs, with mortality rates a primary focus as they can reach up to 100%. The widespread and colossal economic losses from ASF have impacts on the development of animal husbandry practices in most countries within Africa, Asia, and Europe. Currently, a variety of approaches toward the development of vaccines against ASF are being employed. A promising new concept centered around more economical and time-consuming vaccine production is based on the use of viral vectors to deliver selected immunogens. This review discusses the results obtained from testing various viral vectors as carriers of targeted ASF virus genes. The safety and prospects of viral vectors, the possibilities around modulating cellular and humoral immune responses by choosing genes expressing immunodominant antigens, and the degree of protection in experimental animals from infection with a lethal dose of virulent ASF virus strains have been shown and discussed.
Highlights
Pig farming is expanding in size all over the world and it is a strategically significant and important industry for global food security
Since robust T-cell and B-cell immune responses to African swine fever virus (ASFV) can consistently be obtained in immunized pigs using this strategy and approach, a primary booster regimen of the ASFV antigen complex could be used in future studies to assess the efficacy of potential vaccines against ASFV
ASFV is an important cross-border virus that continues to spread across Europe and Asia and poses a threat to the global pig industry and food security [13]
Summary
Pig farming is expanding in size all over the world and it is a strategically significant and important industry for global food security. Viral vector-based vaccines as carriers of key ASFV genes are discussed, their abilities in modulating the desired cellular and humoral immune response are assessed, and their protective potentials have been compared This will be useful for advancing research pertaining to the improvement of viral vectors for further development of vaccines against ASF that have the potential to be highly protective. After the initial successful results testing the first vector vaccine on chimpanzees, a wide range of different viruses were used as a basis for creating vaccines based on viral vectors: retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, alphaviruses, arenaviruses, herpesviruses, flaviviruses, paramyxoviruses, and rhabdoviruses [19] These viral vectors have been optimized to improve their genome packaging ability, cellular tropisms and replication capabilities in order to tailor the desired immune responses [20]. There are a wide range of mammalian cells capable of baculovirus transduction, with their non-toxic and non-replicative nature, Frontiers in Veterinary Science | www.frontiersin.org
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