Abstract
Phage defense systems are often found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), where they constitutively defend against invaders or are induced to respond to new assaults. Phage satellites, one type of MGE, are induced during phage infection to promote their own transmission, reducing phage production and protecting their hosts in the process. One such satellite in Vibrio cholerae, phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE), sabotages the lytic phage ICP1, which triggers PLE excision from the bacterial chromosome, replication, and transduction to neighboring cells. Analysis of patient stool samples from different geographic regions revealed that ICP1 has evolved to possess one of two syntenic loci encoding an SF1B-type helicase, either of which PLE exploits to drive replication. Further, loss of PLE mobilization limits anti-phage activity because of phage-mediated degradation of the bacterial genome. Our work provides insight into the unique challenges facing parasites of lytic phages and underscores the adaptions of satellites to their ever-evolving target phage.
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