Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets

Abstract

The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in human history, accounting for about 50 million deaths worldwide. In addition to a significant number of cases of secondary bacterial pneumonia, this highly pathogenic strain of influenza A virus caused fatal primary viral pneumonia. To identify the viral gene(s) chiefly responsible for the high virulence of the 1918 virus, we generated a series of reassortants between the 1918 virus and a contemporary human H1N1 virus (A/Kawasaki/173/2001; K173) using reverse genetics. We then assessed their virulence properties in ferrets, a model closely resembling humans in terms of sensitivity to influenza virus infection and pattern of spread after intranasal inoculation. Substitution of single genes from the 1918 virus in the genetic background of K173 virus did not markedly alter the pattern of infection. That is, the reassortants grew well in nasal turbinates, but only sporadically (if at all) in the trachea and lungs. One exception was the 1918PB1/K173 reassortant, which replicated efficiently in lung tissues as well as the upper respiratory tract. A reassortant virus expressing the 1918 viral RNA polymerase complex (PA, PB1, and PB2) and nucleoprotein showed virulence properties in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of ferrets that closely resembled those of wild-type 1918 virus. Our findings strongly implicate the viral RNA polymerase complex as a major determinant of the pathogenicity of the 1918 pandemic virus. This new insight may aid in identifying virulence factors in future pandemic viruses that could be targeted with antiviral compounds.