Viral Reactivation after T Cell Replete Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation: Increased Incidence in Association with Immune Reconstitution

Abstract

Feasibility of haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haploSCT) is enhanced by use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCY). Despite preservation of non-alloreactive T cells, delayed reconstitution of cellular immunity and viral reactivation may compromise the outcome of T cell replete haploSCT. The study included 47 patients, aged 19-70 (median, 53) years, who underwent haploSCT with PTCY for myeloid (n=35) or lymphoid (n=12) malignancies. Myeloablative conditioning was mainly utilized (n=36). Graft source was peripheral blood (n=29) or bone marrow (n=18). Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) reactivation was monitored by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) in plasma and/or leukocytes weekly for at least 6 months. BK virus (BKV) reactivation was assessed by RQ-PCR in urine and/or blood in cases with hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Preemptive therapy was the principal modality for CMV infection in all but 1 patient who received letermovir prophylaxis. Reconstitution of cellular immunity was assessed by flow cytometry. With a median follow-up of 30 months, cumulative incidences (CIN) of relapse and non-relapse mortality were 13.4% (95% CI, 5.4-25.1%) and 31.4% (95% CI, 18.3-45.4%) at 2 years, respectively. Disease-free and overall survival were 55.2% (95% CI, 42.3-72.1%) and 61.8% (95% CI, 48.9-78.1%) at 2 years, respectively. CIN of CMV reactivation (>100 copies/ml) plateaued at 75.6% (95% CI, 60.1-85.7%) at 3 months. CMV infection developed in 34/45 patients at risk. Recurrent CMV infection occurred in 17/34 with median 1.5 (range, 1-6) episodes per patient. Median duration of anti-CMV therapy was 27 (range, 14-199) days. CMV disease was documented in 2 patients. CIN of EBV reactivation (>1,000 copies/ml) was 47.1% (95% CI, 34.2-63.9%) at 1 year, and preemptive therapy with rituximab was required in 2 patients. HHV-6 reactivation (>1,000 copies/ml) was observed in 6 patients (CIN, 10.6% at 6 months; 95% CI, 3.8-21.4%). CIN of BKV-related HC reached 27.7% (95% CI, 15.7-40.9%) at 3 months. Cystoscopy was required in 5/13 and nephrostomy in 1/13 patients. Reconstitution of T cell immunity was considerably delayed, with median CD4+ cell counts of 83/uL (range, 7-337), 216/uL (range, 80-509), and 236/uL (range, 97-586) at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Recurrent CMV infection was associated with the recovery of CD4+ cells at 3 months (Figure, median CD4+ count of 191/uL versus 62/uL in patients with 1 or ³2 episodes of CMV reactivation, respectively; p=0.009). Haplo-SCT with PTCY is associated with substantial rates of viral reactivation resulting in the need for prolonged antiviral therapy and considerable morbidity as well. Strategies to prevent viral infection are strongly warranted. The timing and duration of such interventions (like letermovir or adoptive immunotherapy) may be guided by the tempo of immune reconstitution.