Abstract
The mechanisms of norovirus evolution are complex owing to the diversity among and within norovirus genogroups and genotypes. Evolutionary and epidemiological patterns vary among norovirus groups. Evolution in GII.4 noroviruses is more well-characterized than any other group, and several potential mechanisms of evolution have been described including antigenic variation, receptor switching, and recombination. Antigenic variation and receptor switching appear to be linked, as putative neutralization sites and receptor binding sites both reside in the most surface-exposed region of the norovirus capsid. It presently appears that the patterns observed in GII.4 noroviruses cannot be widely extrapolated to other norovirus genotypes, and it is unclear to what degree each of these evolutionary mechanisms impact overall evolution in different norovirus groups. This chapter will outline what is known about the different mechanisms of norovirus evolution as well as describe what is known about evolution in GII.4 and other norovirus genotypes.
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