Abstract
The possibility of carrying out a meaningful forensic analysis on printed and scanned images plays a major role in many applications. First of all, printed documents are often associated with criminal activities, such as terrorist plans, child pornography, and even fake packages. Additionally, printing and scanning can be used to hide the traces of image manipulation or the synthetic nature of images, since the artifacts commonly found in manipulated and synthetic images are gone after the images are printed and scanned. A problem hindering research in this area is the lack of large scale reference datasets to be used for algorithm development and benchmarking. Motivated by this issue, we present a new dataset composed of a large number of synthetic and natural printed face images. To highlight the difficulties associated with the analysis of the images of the dataset, we carried out an extensive set of experiments comparing several printer attribution methods. We also verified that state-of-the-art methods to distinguish natural and synthetic face images fail when applied to print and scanned images. We envision that the availability of the new dataset and the preliminary experiments we carried out will motivate and facilitate further research in this area.
Highlights
We present a large scale dataset of color-printed face images for digital image forensics purposes, such as source attribution and synthetic images detection
We present the results of an in-depth comparative study conducted on the new dataset regarding several baseline approaches, including both data-driven methods and methods based on handcrafted features
Authentication and source linking of printed documents may have huge economic impacts, since it may help to tackle the diffusion of counterfeited products
Summary
The abundant availability of new technologies for generating physical documents such as printers and scanners has raised many concerns about their misuse, examples of which include generating illegal documents, misguiding investigations through the generation of fake evidence, or even hiding relevant evidence in criminal investigations. Child pornography can be printed and distributed between pedophiles in order to avoid virtual monitoring from the police, and illegal amendments can be incorporated in printed contracts without previous notice. Professional printers can be used to print fake currency and packages of fake products, causing several negative effects on the economy. Printing and scanning can be used to hide the traces of image manipulation or the synthetic nature of the images, since the artifacts commonly found in manipulated, and synthetic images are not present or detectable after the images have been printed and scanned
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