Abstract
Organic materials have gained considerable attention for electrochromic (EC) applications owing to improved EC performance and good processability. As a class of well-recognized organic EC materials, viologens have received persistent attention due to the structural versatility and property tunability, and are major active EC components for most of the marketed EC devices. Over the past two decades, extensive efforts have been made to design and synthesize different types of viologen-based materials with enhanced EC properties. This review summarizes chemical structures, preparation and EC properties of various latest viologen-based electrochromes, including small viologen derivatives, main-chain viologen-based polymers, conjugated polymers with viologen side-chains and viologen-based organic/inorganic composites. The performance enhancement mechanisms are concisely discussed. The current marketed viologens-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) are briefly introduced and an outlook on the challenges and future exploration directions for viologen-based materials and their ECDs are also proposed.
Highlights
Over the past two decades, electrochromic (EC) materials have attracted significant research interest and have been extensively investigated for potential applications in smart windows [1,2,3,4,5,6], rearview mirrors [7], glare reduction [8], low power consumption displays [9,10]
This review summarizes recent development in viologen-based electrochromes, including structure, preparation, EC performance of viologen-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) and property enhancement mechanisms
This review gives an overview of chemical structures, preparation and EC
Summary
Over the past two decades, electrochromic (EC) materials have attracted significant research interest and have been extensively investigated for potential applications in smart windows [1,2,3,4,5,6], rearview mirrors [7], glare reduction [8], low power consumption displays [9,10]. The transmittance mode employs transparent conductive electrodes, which can control the light intensity passing through. Contrast, in theBy reflectance of the transparent conducting electrodesconducting is replaced improve By indoor comfort. Contrast,mode, in theone reflectance mode, one of the transparent electrodes is replaced with a reflective surface, which controls the intensity of reflective light. (e.g., polyaniline, polyaniline, 1,1′-disubstituted-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (viologens), conducting polymers polythiophene), anthraquinone,aromatic aromaticimides imides and triphenylamine [16,17,18]. 1,1′-disubstituted-4,4′-bipyridinium salts, are are by by far far the the most intensively investigated small molecule-based materials for both research and commercial application purposes. This review summarizes recent development in viologen-based electrochromes, including structure, preparation, EC performance of viologen-based ECDs and property enhancement mechanisms. Preparation, EC performance of viologen-based ECDs and property enhancement mechanisms. Viologen-based EC molecules and polymers as well as future exploration is suggested
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