Abstract

Violence, including psychological violence, sometimes negatively characterizes cross-cultural relations in western societies, especially in those countries that have become the destination of substantial immigration flows in the last few decades and where the relationship with diversity affects many significant aspects of people’s lives. In these cases, violence, which can also be labeled as racism, is the outcome of specific cognitive and emotional processes. Among these processes perceived threat, fear, hate, and resentment play a major role, though other cognitive and emotional factors,

Highlights

  • Violence, including psychological violence, sometimes negatively characterizes cross-cultural relations in western societies, especially in those countries that have become the destination of substantial immigration flows in the last few decades and where the relationship with diversity affects many significant aspects of people’s lives

  • Violence, which can be labeled as racism, is the outcome of specific cognitive and emotional processes

  • Here I will consider the expressions of overt, direct racism and of the so-called “aversive racism” [1,2,3], which relates to subtler and more complex forms of bias

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Summary

Introduction

Violence, including psychological violence, sometimes negatively characterizes cross-cultural relations in western societies, especially in those countries that have become the destination of substantial immigration flows in the last few decades and where the relationship with diversity affects many significant aspects of people’s lives. In these cases, violence, which can be labeled as racism, is the outcome of specific cognitive and emotional processes. Since aversive racism generally implies a dissociation between the cognitive and emotional components of racial attitudes, namely “a conflict between the denial of personal prejudice and underlying unconscious negative

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