Abstract
Objective: This study explores violence against women in a low-income setting in relation to residency and literacy.Setting: The study was conducted within the Butajira Rural Health Programme (a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site), which includes rural and semi-urban settings in south-central Ethiopia.Design: This is a community-based cross-sectional study and is part of the WHO Women's Health and Life Events multi-country study. It included 1,994 randomly selected married women.Methods: A standardised WHO questionnaire was used to measure physical violence, residency, literacy of the woman and her spouse, and attitudes of women about gender roles and violence. Analyses present prevalence with 95% confidence intervals and odds ratios derived from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results: In urban and rural areas of the study area, the women were of varying ages, had varying levels of literacy and had spouses with varying levels of literacy. Women in the overall study area had beliefs and norms favouring violence against women, and women living in rural communities and illiterate women were more likely to accept such attitudes. In general, violence against women was more prevalent in rural communities. In particular, violence against rural literate women and rural women who married a literate spouse was more prevalent. Literate rural women who were married to an illiterate spouse had the highest odds (Adj. OR=3.4; 95% CI: 1.7–6.9) of experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner.Conclusion: Semi-urban lifestyle and literacy promote changes in attitudes and norms against intimate partner violence; however, within the rural lifestyle, literate women married to illiterate husbands were exposed to the highest risks of violence.
Highlights
A total of 1,994 currently married women were included in the study; 87% lived in a rural community
There was no significant difference in overall poverty status between urban and rural women, more women in urban communities lived in extreme poverty than those living in rural areas (Table 2)
Considering the literacy status of the women alone, women living in rural communities experienced higher odds of physical violence; literate women living in rural communities had the highest prevalence of experiencing physical violence
Summary
This study explores violence against women in a low-income setting in relation to residency and literacy. The rates of domestic violence are similar across both rural and urban areas [6, 7], studies from the USA indicate that rural communities receive limited access to services, including lower education and literacy rates, norms and attitudes favouring domestic violence, higher isolation and high poverty rates. There are limited data describing differences in the distribution of such normative acts by residency and literacy and its contribution to vulnerability to intimate partner violence. To this end, this study examines the contribution of area of residence and literacy to rates of violence against women, focusing on norms and attitudes of women towards violence against women in Ethiopia
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