Vienojuma, pretstata un šķīruma saikļi Lejaskurzemes izloksnēs

Abstract

The article analyses the use dynamic of cumulative, adversative, and disjunctive conjunctions in sub-dialects of Lower Kurzeme in the 20th – 21st centuries, based on the survey data of the Atlas of Latvian Dialects (ALD) in comparison with the texts in the collections of Kurzeme Institute of Humanities at Liepāja University and Latvian Language Institute at the University of Latvia, and published texts. The texts of the latest sources are written down by hand or recorded in the speaker’s conversation with the interviewer, which allows us to determine the use of connecting words in live speech. It is concluded that in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century, the coordinating conjunctions characteristic of Latvian literary language dominated the sub-dialects of Lower Kurzeme (an observation made in the ALD survey already in the middle of the 20th century). The conjunction i < ir in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century is much rarer than un but has not disappeared entirely from everyday speech and is usually used to connect several equal components, e.g. in Rucava, a riteni braûcu uz dârbu: piêci kilometri i rîtâ, vakarâ, i pusdiênâ. In the ALD survey, the conjunction bet dominates in the expression of the contrary, although in some sub-dialects, dialectal conjunctions have been recorded (abar in Rucava, aba in Grobiņa). In the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century in Lower Kurzeme, the colloquial adversative conjunction a is also in use, e.g. in Bārta, cic izvãra un sastampâ tuõs kartfeļus, a mana mamma vis:us kuõpîgi vãrija. In the ALD survey, as well as in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century in Lower Kurzeme, mostly the conjunctions vai // va and jeb are used to express disjunction; jeb is more uncommon, it has both an explanative meaning, e.g. in Gramzda, ķeblis jeb kraģîtis – tas tâc krêsliņš mas:, kur pasēdēt, and a disjunctional meaning, e.g. in Rucava, gã a kũrpemis jeb pastalamis. The amount of available texts yet does not allow for quantitative research on the choice of coordinating conjunctions and the use of coordinating conjunctions not mentioned in the ALD.