Abstract
Reflective displays or "electronic paper" technologies provide a solution to the high energy consumption of emissive displays by simply utilizing ambient light. However, it has proven challenging to develop electronic paper with competitive image quality and video speed capabilities. Here, the first technology that provides video speed switching of structural colors with high contrast over the whole visible is shown. Importantly, this is achieved with abroadband-absorbing polarization-insensitive electrochromic polymer instead of liquid crystals, which makes it possible to maintain high reflectivity. It is shown that promoting electrophoretic ion transport (drift motion) improves the switch speed. In combination with new nanostructures that have high surface curvature, this enables video speed switching (20ms) at high contrast (50% reflectivity change). A detailed analysis of the optical signal during switching shows that the polaron formation starts to obey first order reaction kinetics in the video speed regime. Additionally, the system still operates at ultralow power consumption during video speed switching (<1mW cm-2 ) and has negligible power consumption (<1 µW cm-2 ) in bistability mode. Finally, the fast switching increases device lifetime to at least 107 cycles, an order of magnitude more than state-of-the-art.
Highlights
Reflective displays or “electronic paper” technologies provide a solution considerable energy use
Ordinary emissive displays based on light emit- important electronic paper technology because it provides video ting diodes (LED) or liquid crystals (LCD) can provide excel- speed,[7] but it remains unavailable commercially
In this work we show high-contrast broadband-switching of plasmonic structural colors at video speed
Summary
We prepared new plasmonic metasurfaces by combining established nanofabrication techniques. To the best of our knowledge, first order kinetics for the doping process has previously only been observed for polymers free in solution.[39] We confirmed that when the switch was considerably slower, the model no longer provided a good fit (Figure S13, Supporting Information), as expected when ion transport influences the rate. In this case, the model for the kinetics of the switch process needs to be extended, which is beyond the scope of the current work. This power consumption is an overestimate since only a fraction of the pixels in a display would need to be fully bright or fully dark, i.e., many will be closer to the equilibrium doping state
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