Abstract
Vicarious reinforcement and punishment have been well investigated in laboratory research but only recently have been examined in applied programs. Investigations with children, primarily in the classroom, have shown that contingencies implemented for select individuals influence the behaviors of others who are not directly included in the contingency. The present paper reviews the evidence attesting to vicarious reinforcement and punishment effects and discusses the limitations pertaining to strength, durability, and consistency of these effects. Variables that appear to influence the spread of contingency effects and the mechanisms through which these effects appear to occur are discussed. Also recommendations for enhancing behavior change in existing behavioral programs are provided. Finally, the methodological and clinical implications of vicarious reinforcement and punishment effects in applied settings are presented.
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