Abstract
Vibrio harveyi, which belongs to family Vibrionaceae of class Gammaproteobacteria, includes the species V. carchariae and V. trachuri as its junior synonyms. The organism is a well-recognized and serious bacterial pathogen of marine fish and invertebrates, including penaeid shrimp, in aquaculture. Diseased fish may exhibit a range of lesions, including eye lesions/blindness, gastro-enteritis, muscle necrosis, skin ulcers, and tail rot disease. In shrimp, V. harveyi is regarded as the etiological agent of luminous vibriosis in which affected animals glow in the dark. There is a second condition of shrimp known as Bolitas negricans where the digestive tract is filled with spheres of sloughed-off tissue. It is recognized that the pathogenicity mechanisms of V. harveyi may be different in fish and penaeid shrimp. In shrimp, the pathogenicity mechanisms involved the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, and extracellular proteases, and interaction with bacteriophages. In fish, the pathogenicity mechanisms involved extracellular hemolysin (encoded by duplicate hemolysin genes), which was identified as a phospholipase B and could inactivate fish cells by apoptosis, via the caspase activation pathway. V. harveyi may enter the so-called viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, and resuscitation of the VBNC cells may be an important reason for vibriosis outbreaks in aquaculture. Disease control measures center on dietary supplements (including probiotics), nonspecific immunostimulants, and vaccines and to a lesser extent antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds.
Highlights
Vibrio harveyi, which occurs naturally in marine habitats (Firmino et al 2019; Zhang et al 2018), has developed into a significant pathogen of wild and cultured marine fish and invertebrates, especially in warmEdited by Xin Yu.waters of Asia, southern Europe, and South America
V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi were cultured from diseased fish; both organisms exhibited pathogenicity in laboratory-based infectivity experiments
Vibrio harveyi is a serious pathogen for multiple species of marine fish and invertebrates occurring in the warm waters of Asia, southern Europe, and South America
Summary
Vibrio harveyi, which occurs naturally in marine habitats (Firmino et al 2019; Zhang et al 2018), has developed into a significant pathogen of wild and cultured marine fish and invertebrates (notably penaeid shrimp), especially in warm. V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi were cultured from diseased fish; both organisms exhibited pathogenicity in laboratory-based infectivity experiments. Apoptosis was induced in cultured fish cells, leading to apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and enhanced caspase-3 activity (Li et al 2011) Many virulence factors, such as hemolysins, proteases, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the capacity to bind iron, interaction with bacteriophages, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing, have been identified (Table 2 and see below for details). Zhang and Austin (2000) reported that the most highly pathogenic culture in their study was V. harveyi VIB 645, which produced ECPs with the highest titer of hemolytic activity to both Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout erythrocytes They further correlated virulence of V. harveyi to salmonids with the possession of duplicate hemolysin genes, i.e., vhhA and vhhB.
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